Application to rely on surveillance evidence

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As detailed below, the Principles collectively call for: Transparency in Surveillance. The basis and interpretation of surveillance powers must be on the public record, and rigorous reporting and individual notification obligations are required; Technical Neutrality. It is time to re-assert what has historically been the primary vehicle for preventing electronic surveillance from getting out of hand: prior authorization by an independent judicial entity based on a determination that the surveillance is highly likely to provide evidence that will address a serious harm; Formalized Trans-Border Access.

It is no longer acceptable to bypass domestic privacy protections by relying on secretive and informal information sharing arrangements with foreign states, on voluntary cooperation by private international companies , or by treating individuals as though they lack privacy rights simply because they live in another country. Légalité: Toute limitation au droit à la vie privée doit être fixée par la loi. Legality: Any limitation on the right to privacy must be prescribed bylaw.

Legitimate Aim: Laws should only permit communications surveillance byspecified State authorities to achieve a legitimate aim thatcorresponds to a predominantly important legal interest that isnecessary in a democratic society. Necessity: Laws permitting communications surveillance by the Statemust limit surveillance to that which is strictly and demonstrably necessary to achieve a legitimate aim. Due process: States must respect and guarantee individuals' human rights by ensuring that lawful procedures that govern any interferencewith human rights are properly enumerated in law, consistently practiced, and available to the general public.

User notification: Individuals should be notified of a decision authorising communications surveillance with enough time and information to enable them to appeal the decision, and should haveaccess to the materials presented in support of the application for authorisation. Transparency: States should be transparent about the use and scope ofcommunications surveillance techniques and powers. Public oversight: States should establish independent oversight mechanisms to ensure transparency and accountability of communications surveillance.

Safeguards for international cooperation: Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties MLATs entered into by States should ensure that, where the laws of more than one State could apply to communications surveillance, the available standard with the higher level of protection for users should apply. Safeguards against illegitimate access: States should enact legislation criminalising illegal communications surveillance by public and private actors.

Pertinence: Tout cas de surveillance des communications autorisé par la loi doit concourir à la réalisation du but légitime spécifique identifié. Adequacy: Any instance of communications surveillance authorised bylaw must be appropriate to fulfill the specific legitimate aim identified. Proportionnalité: Les décisions concernant la surveillance des communications doivent assurer un équilibre entre les bénéfices recherchés et les atteintes aux droits des utilisateurs et des intérêts en présence.

Autorité judiciaire compétente: Les décisions concernant la surveillance des communications doivent être prises par une autorité judiciaire compétente impartiale et indépendante. Additionally, fusion methods can be employed with the hope that aggregation of uncertain information from multiple sensors enhances the quality of surveillance provided by the network. This paper investigates the following fundamental problem: what is the best way to deploy a finite number of unreliable sensors characterized by uncertain readings in order to satisfy the user detection requirements.

Unlike prior efforts that rely on simple fusion schemes, we use the Dempster-Shafer theory to define a generic evidence fusion scheme that captures several characteristics of real-world applications.

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The fusion-based uncertainty-aware sensor networks deployment problem is formulated as a binary non-linear and non-convex optimization problem that is NP-hard, and an efficient heuristic using genetic algorithms is investigated. The effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed approach are evaluated using both simulations and experiments.

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The obtained results demonstrate the appropriateness of the evidence fusion model that considers in a meaningful way the information on the quality of sensors decisions as well as the reliability of these sensors along with their uncertain and imprecise decisions. Also, the proposed approach outperforms state-of-the-art deployment strategies.

Document type : Journal articles.